ARCHIVE
Vol. 1, No. 1
JANUARY-JUNE, 2011
Research Articles
Research Notes and Statistics
Field Reports
Symposium
Book Reviews
A Note on
Recent Trends in Wage Rates
in Rural
Yoshifumi Usami
Research Fellow, Center for Evolving Humanities, The University of Tokyo. yoshiusami@gmail.com.
Introduction
This is a short note on recent trends in wage rates
for agricultural and rural labour, as reported by the Labour
Bureau, Government of India, in Wage
Rates in Rural India (WRRI). There are two data sources relating to agricultural and
non-agricultural wages in rural India. One is the well-known Agricultural Wages in India (AWI), collected and reported by the
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture; and the other
is the one that is taken up here for study. AWI
has a long history, and has been widely used for analysing long-term changes in
the wage rates of agricultural and rural labour. However, since these data are
collected through a local-level administrative institution, the AWI has several limitations, which pose
substantial difficulties to users.1 In addition, the AWI is presently available for up to 2004–05 only, and it is
therefore not possible to look at recent trends in agricultural wages, and to
measure any impact of macroeconomic growth or of schemes under the widely
propagated NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act).
WRRI data, on the other hand, have been
collected since 1986–87, although they were not published for some time, and
the Labour Bureau took up the compilation of wage rate statistics from the
agricultural year 1995–96. One of the merits of the WRRI data is that they are available for up to 2008–09, and hence
are more appropriate to study recent trends. The purpose of this note is to
review the WRRI data, and to find the
salient features of recent trends in agricultural and non-agricultural wage
rates.
WRRI:
Methodological Problems
In accordance with the recommendation made by the
Technical Working Group on Rural Retail Prices set up by the National Sample
Survey Organization (NSSO), the wage rates of 18 agricultural and
non-agricultural occupations have been collected every month, from a fixed set
of 600 sample villages spread over 20 States, since 1986–87. The wage rate data
are collected by the NSSO along with the rural retail price data in schedule
No. 3.01 (R).
The primary data sources are village functionaries
like the Panchayat Secretary, Progress Assistant, Patwari, and other village or block-level officials. The
data on normal working hours and on wage rates for the reported working hours
are collected sex-wise for each of the 18 selected occupations. The wage rates
thus collected are then normalized for an eight-hour working day. In the next
stage, the simple arithmetic average of these normalized daily wage rates is
worked out for each State. The daily wage rates at the all-India level until
1999–2000 were derived by taking a simple average of State figures, but after
2000–01, by taking a simple average of all the sample villages. The all-India
figures before and after 2000 are therefore not compatible.
Compared with the AWI
data, the collection and compilation of the WRRI
data are regarded as methodologically more reliable with
respect to sampling method, in the fact that data are collected by trained NSS
investigators and in the estimation of average wage
rates. Nevertheless, there is a problem with the WRRI data that it shares with the AWI data, namely that the wage rates are not always reported from
all the sample villages. This is for the following reasons:
|
(i) |
the
activity connected with the occupation was not undertaken in the village; |
|
(ii) |
the
activity was out of season in the village; or |
|
(iii) |
the
particular category of workers (i.e. men/women/children) was not engaged in
that occupation. |
This fact, that the number of sample villages may
vary, causes a serious problem, particularly in a State where wage rates differ
greatly across sample villages due to reasons such as closeness to urban
centres. The State’s average wage rate falls when no wage rates are reported
from some of the high wage rate villages, and vice-versa. Fluctuation of the
monthly wage rate is therefore not always real, but because of variations in
the number of reporting sample villages. In an attempt to avoid this problem,
State-wise average daily wage rates are not reported in the WRRI if the reporting number is less
than five. However, this does not solve the problem. Irregular fluctuations can
be observed in the movement of monthly wage rates in any occupation,
particularly in small States like Himachal Pradesh
and Jammu & Kashmir.
Varieties of crops are grown depending on the agro-climatic and economic conditions of a region.
Agricultural operations are seasonal. An operation like sowing or harvesting,
for example, is performed for different crops in different seasons and in
different regions, and, as a result, the mode and amount of payment may differ
from one crop to the other. Nevertheless, it is common for wage rates to be
reported throughout the year even if it is unlikely that a particular operation
for a particular crop is performed every month. It is therefore plausible that
seasonal fluctuations in wage rates, where they occur, reflect operations for
different crops.
In addition, there are several outliers that are
likely to be errors at some stage in the data collection or in the data entry.
In order to avoid (not solve) these problems, we took
annual averages for the agricultural year (July to June) instead of monthly
data. We worked out the arithmetic means only for those years for which data
were available for four months or more. This was on the assumption that the
average wage rate of certain operations in a particular State indicates
operations for a set of crops or a crop mix in the State.
There is another problem that enters here. The
demarcation of the agricultural year corresponds mainly with harvesting.
Operations like ploughing, sowing, and transplanting of the kharif
crop, however, are usually performed in the months of May–August. Thus, if we
adopt the average based on agricultural year for these operations, it would
reflect the wage rate for kharif crops of the
succeeding year. Therefore we took the 12-month period from May to April to
work out the average wage rates of ploughing, sowing, and transplanting.
In order to cover the major operations in farming and
other important occupations in rural areas, and considering data availability,
the wage rates of five agricultural operations, i.e. ploughing (male), sowing
(male), transplanting (male and female), weeding (female), and harvesting (male
and female), and of four rural labour occupations, i.e. carpenter (male),
blacksmith (male), mason (male), and unskilled labour (male and female), are
taken up for this study. Looking at the wage rates for various occupations
allows us to examine the relationships among them. To compute real wage rates,
the nominal wage rates are deflated by the consumer price index for
agricultural labourers (CPIAL) and the consumer price index for rural labourers
(CPIRL) (1986–87 = 100).2
Levels and Growth of Real Wages
for Agricultural and Rural Labourers
Table 1 indicates the State-wise
real wage rates for major occupations from 1998–99 to 2008–09 in rural
Table 1 State–wise real wage rates for major occupations in rural India
|
(A) Ploughing (Male) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
17.30 |
16.49 |
17.31 |
17.76 |
18.22 |
17.29 |
16.86 |
18.09 |
18.79 |
20.50 |
22.75 |
|
Assam |
20.32 |
20.18 |
20.25 |
20.91 |
19.60 |
20.21 |
19.56 |
18.78 |
18.71 |
19.65 |
18.96 |
|
Bihar |
14.48 |
14.89 |
16.77 |
17.99 |
18.55 |
18.67 |
18.54 |
18.33 |
18.31 |
18.62 |
18.99 |
|
Gujarat |
17.76 |
17.78 |
18.70 |
20.11 |
20.08 |
20.26 |
21.10 |
20.78 |
20.02 |
20.49 |
21.35 |
|
Haryana |
22.40 |
24.87 |
26.33 |
24.75 |
25.37 |
24.73 |
25.15 |
24.57 |
24.90 |
25.34 |
26.30 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
31.15 |
31.45 |
32.76 |
34.28 |
33.70 |
36.91 |
39.53 |
37.69 |
38.98 |
44.41 |
48.16 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
29.15 |
28.68 |
33.96 |
35.47 |
35.50 |
35.11 |
34.94 |
34.55 |
32.38 |
31.29 |
29.91 |
|
Karnataka |
15.10 |
15.45 |
17.75 |
18.65 |
18.02 |
17.46 |
16.85 |
17.80 |
17.48 |
17.71 |
18.80 |
|
Kerala |
58.94 |
57.11 |
59.83 |
70.32 |
74.76 |
71.15 |
61.03 |
60.80 |
61.24 |
68.18 |
64.07 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
14.85 |
14.60 |
14.38 |
15.44 |
15.59 |
15.81 |
15.63 |
14.82 |
14.15 |
14.89 |
15.52 |
|
Maharashtra |
16.83 |
17.70 |
19.49 |
19.43 |
19.46 |
18.88 |
17.80 |
17.68 |
18.17 |
18.95 |
19.46 |
|
Manipur |
18.35 |
18.55 |
20.40 |
20.46 |
20.25 |
22.22 |
22.87 |
21.93 |
21.16 |
24.68 |
26.96 |
|
Meghalaya |
17.54 |
17.05 |
16.74 |
16.56 |
19.74 |
22.59 |
22.52 |
22.08 |
20.91 |
20.11 |
18.61 |
|
Orissa |
14.09 |
12.50 |
15.34 |
17.81 |
18.41 |
17.18 |
17.81 |
17.71 |
16.66 |
15.89 |
16.39 |
|
Punjab |
21.33 |
21.44 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Rajasthan |
25.37 |
24.43 |
26.57 |
28.78 |
27.54 |
25.70 |
26.66 |
23.52 |
22.29 |
25.99 |
26.07 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
30.24 |
34.81 |
37.06 |
37.62 |
34.81 |
33.49 |
32.47 |
32.00 |
32.41 |
34.57 |
32.73 |
|
Tripura |
14.81 |
16.09 |
16.55 |
18.31 |
18.49 |
22.88 |
20.74 |
22.85 |
23.76 |
22.29 |
23.70 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
15.79 |
16.87 |
18.44 |
18.02 |
18.16 |
18.11 |
17.96 |
17.40 |
16.58 |
17.02 |
18.34 |
|
West Bengal |
20.03 |
23.00 |
23.92 |
23.73 |
25.44 |
26.26 |
24.92 |
27.22 |
27.76 |
27.49 |
26.48 |
|
India |
21.90 |
22.35 |
21.72 |
22.26 |
22.37 |
22.18 |
21.25 |
21.35 |
21.00 |
21.82 |
22.06 |
|
(B) Sowing (Male) | |||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
13.53 |
12.88 |
14.18 |
14.46 |
14.78 |
14.57 |
14.98 |
15.15 |
16.27 |
18.12 |
18.83 |
|
Assam |
14.61 |
15.09 |
16.63 |
17.07 |
16.83 |
18.46 |
18.32 |
18.67 |
18.62 |
19.48 |
19.04 |
|
Bihar |
14.42 |
14.65 |
16.39 |
17.19 |
18.06 |
17.86 |
17.53 |
17.24 |
16.55 |
16.36 |
16.50 |
|
Gujarat |
16.95 |
17.03 |
17.75 |
18.96 |
18.97 |
19.17 |
19.61 |
18.72 |
18.48 |
18.66 |
18.94 |
|
Haryana |
21.26 |
24.41 |
25.03 |
25.04 |
25.30 |
23.72 |
24.08 |
25.16 |
24.67 |
24.73 |
26.29 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
27.08 |
30.60 |
35.34 |
34.00 |
33.38 |
33.95 |
na |
na |
na |
36.44 |
37.52 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
24.73 |
24.25 |
27.51 |
31.34 |
32.05 |
34.02 |
34.53 |
33.14 |
28.28 |
30.76 |
29.79 |
|
Karnataka |
15.06 |
15.39 |
16.85 |
17.30 |
16.51 |
15.88 |
15.39 |
14.56 |
16.12 |
16.03 |
16.44 |
|
Kerala |
43.89 |
48.39 |
52.70 |
55.15 |
53.31 |
51.26 |
53.04 |
51.68 |
54.36 |
53.08 |
52.60 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
13.86 |
14.68 |
14.32 |
14.80 |
14.86 |
15.51 |
15.18 |
13.99 |
13.20 |
13.25 |
13.66 |
|
Maharashtra |
15.87 |
16.08 |
17.56 |
18.29 |
18.19 |
18.05 |
16.98 |
16.60 |
16.86 |
17.37 |
18.13 |
|
Manipur |
17.60 |
16.66 |
19.30 |
18.04 |
16.72 |
18.74 |
19.32 |
18.52 |
17.97 |
18.18 |
19.39 |
|
Meghalaya |
16.29 |
15.46 |
16.40 |
16.27 |
18.17 |
20.34 |
20.76 |
20.31 |
19.65 |
19.03 |
18.02 |
|
Orissa |
13.88 |
12.03 |
13.71 |
15.50 |
16.96 |
16.35 |
16.40 |
16.98 |
15.80 |
14.40 |
15.80 |
|
Punjab |
22.13 |
22.23 |
23.10 |
24.97 |
na |
25.19 |
24.16 |
22.43 |
21.50 |
22.35 |
23.01 |
|
Rajasthan |
24.57 |
24.00 |
27.20 |
30.80 |
29.05 |
25.47 |
25.80 |
24.09 |
20.54 |
22.03 |
21.65 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
21.61 |
21.90 |
22.48 |
23.51 |
21.48 |
20.99 |
21.73 |
21.17 |
22.03 |
22.95 |
22.52 |
|
Tripura |
14.81 |
16.09 |
16.42 |
18.31 |
18.43 |
21.08 |
20.74 |
22.85 |
23.76 |
22.27 |
23.70 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
15.47 |
16.37 |
17.98 |
17.79 |
17.64 |
17.63 |
17.41 |
16.60 |
15.76 |
16.71 |
17.80 |
|
West Bengal |
14.17 |
15.43 |
16.87 |
17.09 |
17.64 |
16.81 |
16.62 |
17.85 |
18.57 |
18.29 |
18.19 |
|
India |
19.22 |
19.84 |
19.52 |
19.87 |
19.58 |
19.63 |
19.40 |
19.17 |
18.95 |
18.93 |
19.32 |
|
(C) Transplanting
(Male) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
14.42 |
12.85 |
13.62 |
15.81 |
16.07 |
15.01 |
15.09 |
14.87 |
16.13 |
16.43 |
20.88 |
|
Assam |
15.18 |
16.39 |
16.94 |
17.79 |
18.04 |
18.76 |
18.44 |
18.65 |
18.72 |
19.13 |
18.19 |
|
Bihar |
13.47 |
12.72 |
14.83 |
15.33 |
16.86 |
16.71 |
16.53 |
15.81 |
14.63 |
14.37 |
15.03 |
|
Gujarat |
14.08 |
13.71 |
13.38 |
15.19 |
15.15 |
15.07 |
15.11 |
14.34 |
14.03 |
14.24 |
14.20 |
|
Haryana |
20.00 |
24.52 |
26.10 |
24.88 |
25.65 |
23.82 |
24.00 |
25.26 |
24.72 |
24.47 |
25.89 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
27.03 |
28.17 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
22.43 |
25.90 |
na |
na |
na |
32.68 |
na |
30.72 |
29.45 |
28.27 |
28.22 |
|
Karnataka |
14.28 |
14.83 |
16.01 |
16.95 |
16.25 |
15.73 |
15.76 |
16.53 |
16.15 |
15.99 |
15.13 |
|
Kerala |
29.82 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
14.32 |
14.92 |
na |
11.35 |
11.73 |
14.65 |
14.94 |
14.97 |
na |
12.73 |
13.32 |
|
Maharashtra |
16.13 |
16.36 |
20.11 |
20.40 |
19.55 |
19.80 |
19.14 |
18.08 |
17.64 |
17.06 |
16.32 |
|
Manipur |
16.97 |
17.97 |
21.31 |
na |
19.69 |
19.26 |
19.32 |
18.52 |
17.97 |
18.18 |
19.35 |
|
Meghalaya |
16.60 |
15.88 |
15.78 |
16.34 |
19.61 |
22.82 |
23.42 |
na |
20.02 |
na |
18.61 |
|
Orissa |
13.62 |
12.68 |
13.97 |
14.00 |
15.58 |
16.27 |
16.76 |
17.18 |
15.90 |
15.19 |
16.31 |
|
Punjab |
22.13 |
23.41 |
23.87 |
24.06 |
25.20 |
25.43 |
24.94 |
23.08 |
22.64 |
20.98 |
24.04 |
|
Rajasthan |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Tamil Nadu |
18.40 |
19.30 |
22.00 |
21.88 |
20.45 |
19.16 |
19.53 |
20.47 |
20.23 |
20.55 |
21.69 |
|
Tripura |
14.81 |
16.09 |
16.42 |
18.31 |
18.43 |
22.09 |
20.74 |
22.87 |
23.76 |
22.27 |
23.70 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
15.04 |
15.92 |
16.78 |
17.66 |
16.91 |
16.59 |
16.55 |
16.27 |
15.36 |
15.99 |
16.21 |
|
West Bengal |
13.72 |
15.23 |
16.95 |
17.15 |
17.54 |
16.81 |
16.77 |
17.97 |
19.07 |
18.89 |
18.95 |
|
India |
17.44 |
17.79 |
17.09 |
17.63 |
17.90 |
17.95 |
18.16 |
18.30 |
17.96 |
17.79 |
17.84 |
|
(D) Transplanting
(Female) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
10.20 |
10.45 |
10.64 |
10.92 |
10.20 |
9.75 |
10.15 |
10.44 |
11.05 |
12.16 |
15.26 |
|
Assam |
13.84 |
15.38 |
14.74 |
15.20 |
15.54 |
14.59 |
15.21 |
15.72 |
15.83 |
15.77 |
15.40 |
|
Bihar |
12.20 |
11.24 |
13.71 |
14.34 |
15.54 |
15.42 |
15.60 |
14.96 |
13.75 |
13.40 |
13.63 |
|
Gujarat |
13.23 |
13.21 |
12.59 |
14.82 |
14.53 |
14.69 |
14.71 |
14.05 |
13.64 |
13.54 |
13.77 |
|
Haryana |
13.04 |
19.31 |
na |
na |
25.68 |
na |
21.17 |
23.17 |
23.81 |
23.00 |
25.07 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
24.91 |
27.60 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Karnataka |
11.24 |
11.38 |
12.50 |
13.12 |
12.40 |
11.69 |
12.00 |
12.35 |
11.90 |
12.09 |
12.31 |
|
Kerala |
25.21 |
28.91 |
29.24 |
30.36 |
30.20 |
29.10 |
28.96 |
29.49 |
29.33 |
29.36 |
29.36 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
13.53 |
13.46 |
na |
10.25 |
na |
na |
na |
13.06 |
na |
11.09 |
12.00 |
|
Maharashtra |
13.74 |
12.10 |
13.53 |
13.84 |
13.44 |
13.53 |
12.49 |
12.30 |
12.44 |
11.59 |
10.84 |
|
Manipur |
15.51 |
15.95 |
na |
na |
16.34 |
17.63 |
na |
17.15 |
na |
16.25 |
17.41 |
|
Meghalaya |
13.01 |
11.83 |
11.11 |
10.88 |
13.16 |
15.03 |
15.42 |
14.07 |
14.46 |
14.15 |
12.29 |
|
Orissa |
11.90 |
10.76 |
11.76 |
11.32 |
12.69 |
13.69 |
14.10 |
14.87 |
12.73 |
10.81 |
12.42 |
|
Punjab |
16.87 |
18.14 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Rajasthan |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Tamil Nadu |
12.19 |
12.84 |
13.16 |
12.36 |
11.50 |
10.94 |
11.61 |
12.01 |
12.53 |
13.12 |
14.02 |
|
Tripura |
11.47 |
13.54 |
14.48 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
12.82 |
13.95 |
14.58 |
15.06 |
13.75 |
14.77 |
14.79 |
13.36 |
12.95 |
14.38 |
14.83 |
|
West Bengal |
12.40 |
13.66 |
15.29 |
15.44 |
16.05 |
15.68 |
15.43 |
16.64 |
17.06 |
16.76 |
16.49 |
|
India |
14.36 |
15.45 |
14.90 |
14.95 |
15.04 |
14.65 |
14.89 |
15.04 |
14.64 |
14.81 |
15.25 |
|
(E) Weeding (Female) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
8.53 |
9.37 |
9.98 |
9.48 |
9.24 |
9.44 |
9.75 |
9.94 |
10.84 |
12.20 |
15.06 |
|
Assam |
15.27 |
17.00 |
na |
na |
na |
16.23 |
16.63 |
16.18 |
16.58 |
16.13 |
16.19 |
|
Bihar |
10.86 |
10.99 |
12.32 |
13.19 |
14.37 |
14.29 |
13.09 |
13.15 |
12.05 |
12.08 |
13.07 |
|
Gujarat |
14.72 |
14.62 |
14.93 |
16.16 |
15.41 |
15.14 |
15.67 |
15.33 |
14.51 |
15.11 |
15.69 |
|
Haryana |
19.61 |
20.80 |
21.06 |
23.62 |
22.96 |
22.09 |
23.14 |
na |
na |
na |
24.51 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
25.71 |
26.72 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Karnataka |
10.08 |
10.59 |
11.49 |
11.27 |
11.25 |
10.62 |
10.75 |
10.92 |
10.63 |
10.88 |
10.85 |
|
Kerala |
25.70 |
30.81 |
31.53 |
32.55 |
30.88 |
29.21 |
29.06 |
29.47 |
29.33 |
29.52 |
30.58 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
11.05 |
11.21 |
11.19 |
11.77 |
11.56 |
11.50 |
11.19 |
10.72 |
10.42 |
10.34 |
10.50 |
|
Maharashtra |
10.64 |
9.70 |
10.86 |
10.80 |
10.55 |
10.15 |
9.51 |
9.81 |
9.96 |
10.21 |
10.02 |
|
Manipur |
13.82 |
12.82 |
na |
na |
15.00 |
17.59 |
17.74 |
16.77 |
16.32 |
16.33 |
17.44 |
|
Meghalaya |
12.73 |
11.78 |
11.25 |
11.56 |
13.12 |
14.65 |
14.89 |
14.70 |
14.15 |
13.08 |
12.57 |
|
Orissa |
11.22 |
10.59 |
11.86 |
11.60 |
15.01 |
12.52 |
14.58 |
12.96 |
14.20 |
na |
12.19 |
|
Punjab |
18.72 |
20.15 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Rajasthan |
17.13 |
17.70 |
20.33 |
20.05 |
13.69 |
15.03 |
15.22 |
15.62 |
15.31 |
15.18 |
18.46 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
10.98 |
12.24 |
12.20 |
11.96 |
11.18 |
11.37 |
11.62 |
12.36 |
12.78 |
13.00 |
14.03 |
|
Tripura |
11.61 |
14.26 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
11.91 |
13.26 |
15.08 |
14.26 |
14.76 |
15.33 |
14.04 |
13.82 |
13.58 |
14.39 |
15.11 |
|
West Bengal |
12.69 |
13.78 |
14.99 |
15.17 |
15.69 |
15.39 |
15.31 |
15.89 |
16.20 |
16.34 |
16.27 |
|
All India |
14.40 |
15.19 |
13.96 |
13.94 |
13.90 |
13.81 |
13.66 |
13.68 |
13.61 |
13.97 |
14.72 |
|
(F) Harvesting (Male) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
14.26 |
14.07 |
14.24 |
14.45 |
14.15 |
14.24 |
14.59 |
15.64 |
16.12 |
17.76 |
20.67 |
|
Assam |
16.05 |
15.79 |
16.51 |
17.30 |
17.10 |
19.24 |
18.67 |
18.12 |
19.24 |
18.99 |
18.39 |
|
Bihar |
12.75 |
13.18 |
15.30 |
15.87 |
17.76 |
17.63 |
17.31 |
16.74 |
15.48 |
15.07 |
15.69 |
|
Gujarat |
15.95 |
15.42 |
15.96 |
16.41 |
16.52 |
16.22 |
16.36 |
16.01 |
15.63 |
16.06 |
15.48 |
|
Haryana |
22.79 |
25.67 |
26.73 |
26.95 |
27.73 |
26.96 |
27.21 |
27.48 |
26.25 |
26.32 |
27.84 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
27.29 |
27.40 |
na |
na |
na |
32.81 |
na |
32.94 |
31.14 |
36.20 |
36.58 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
26.46 |
26.03 |
29.93 |
32.53 |
31.91 |
33.16 |
31.90 |
31.70 |
29.16 |
29.29 |
30.26 |
|
Karnataka |
14.00 |
14.53 |
16.16 |
16.71 |
15.88 |
15.31 |
15.76 |
15.82 |
15.42 |
15.85 |
16.97 |
|
Kerala |
36.89 |
36.56 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
33.58 |
33.84 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
12.79 |
13.28 |
13.81 |
14.51 |
14.06 |
14.15 |
14.32 |
13.63 |
12.56 |
13.17 |
13.48 |
|
Maharashtra |
14.36 |
15.38 |
17.32 |
17.69 |
17.88 |
17.17 |
16.64 |
16.17 |
16.73 |
17.35 |
17.62 |
|
Manipur |
17.22 |
17.14 |
na |
na |
17.44 |
19.70 |
19.54 |
18.46 |
17.97 |
18.62 |
19.61 |
|
Meghalaya |
16.98 |
15.79 |
na |
na |
18.76 |
24.22 |
21.51 |
21.17 |
21.45 |
20.24 |
na |
|
Orissa |
14.05 |
12.26 |
13.96 |
14.09 |
16.13 |
15.46 |
16.01 |
16.48 |
14.16 |
14.15 |
16.77 |
|
Punjab |
23.20 |
23.08 |
23.88 |
25.05 |
25.81 |
25.42 |
25.45 |
24.05 |
24.40 |
23.17 |
25.06 |
|
Rajasthan |
22.18 |
21.04 |
25.04 |
25.05 |
19.43 |
20.49 |
19.13 |
19.79 |
17.48 |
19.06 |
22.83 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
18.47 |
19.96 |
22.11 |
21.60 |
19.11 |
19.17 |
19.85 |
20.33 |
20.43 |
21.29 |
22.99 |
|
Tripura |
14.90 |
16.01 |
16.68 |
18.51 |
18.46 |
22.82 |
21.02 |
23.27 |
23.47 |
22.11 |
24.14 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
16.22 |
17.39 |
17.69 |
17.55 |
17.88 |
18.17 |
17.96 |
17.06 |
15.75 |
16.84 |
17.44 |
|
West Bengal |
13.73 |
15.36 |
16.89 |
16.84 |
17.07 |
16.77 |
16.74 |
17.83 |
18.33 |
18.30 |
18.45 |
|
All India |
18.61 |
18.97 |
17.78 |
18.10 |
17.96 |
18.11 |
18.11 |
18.17 |
17.64 |
18.04 |
18.84 |
|
(G) Harvesting
(Female) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
11.29 |
11.07 |
11.58 |
11.42 |
10.45 |
10.60 |
10.90 |
12.22 |
13.00 |
13.94 |
16.59 |
|
Assam |
15.42 |
15.93 |
16.00 |
16.86 |
15.52 |
15.93 |
16.62 |
16.80 |
17.77 |
16.42 |
15.73 |
|
Bihar |
11.63 |
11.90 |
13.69 |
14.56 |
16.25 |
16.22 |
16.00 |
15.62 |
14.23 |
13.96 |
14.64 |
|
Gujarat |
15.45 |
15.08 |
15.37 |
15.87 |
16.25 |
15.96 |
16.15 |
15.52 |
14.93 |
15.54 |
15.08 |
|
Haryana |
21.16 |
23.53 |
26.59 |
25.83 |
26.80 |
26.63 |
27.14 |
26.85 |
25.50 |
25.78 |
27.02 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
25.19 |
26.89 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Karnataka |
10.46 |
10.74 |
11.57 |
11.74 |
11.26 |
10.73 |
10.72 |
11.07 |
11.00 |
11.71 |
12.69 |
|
Kerala |
24.58 |
27.55 |
27.22 |
29.39 |
29.06 |
28.74 |
28.83 |
28.90 |
28.68 |
29.20 |
30.05 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
11.48 |
11.71 |
12.03 |
12.52 |
12.42 |
12.41 |
12.34 |
11.79 |
10.94 |
11.59 |
11.76 |
|
Maharashtra |
10.27 |
10.67 |
11.60 |
11.88 |
11.81 |
10.87 |
10.53 |
10.27 |
11.26 |
10.82 |
10.96 |
|
Manipur |
14.92 |
15.13 |
na |
na |
15.26 |
18.04 |
17.97 |
17.03 |
16.62 |
16.56 |
17.56 |
|
Meghalaya |
13.87 |
13.10 |
na |
na |
14.19 |
16.02 |
14.99 |
14.96 |
14.43 |
13.89 |
13.08 |
|
Orissa |
12.00 |
10.52 |
11.69 |
11.44 |
13.29 |
12.82 |
13.37 |
14.22 |
10.77 |
10.14 |
14.02 |
|
Punjab |
18.51 |
17.82 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Rajasthan |
19.29 |
18.13 |
21.55 |
19.81 |
14.26 |
16.24 |
16.41 |
17.10 |
15.39 |
16.96 |
21.02 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
13.43 |
14.05 |
15.20 |
14.33 |
13.33 |
14.15 |
14.25 |
14.43 |
14.41 |
15.20 |
15.43 |
|
Tripura |
11.61 |
13.57 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
14.34 |
15.13 |
15.52 |
15.09 |
15.01 |
16.29 |
15.58 |
14.32 |
13.47 |
15.24 |
15.57 |
|
West Bengal |
12.57 |
14.15 |
15.46 |
15.50 |
15.98 |
15.62 |
15.21 |
16.33 |
16.78 |
16.67 |
16.65 |
|
All India |
15.39 |
15.92 |
14.75 |
14.75 |
14.82 |
14.97 |
14.91 |
14.82 |
14.35 |
14.94 |
15.49 |
|
(H) Carpenter (Male) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
20.83 |
22.44 |
23.78 |
24.25 |
23.45 |
23.25 |
22.46 |
22.80 |
22.20 |
22.71 |
25.22 |
|
Assam |
26.34 |
25.51 |
25.72 |
28.01 |
30.18 |
29.38 |
30.49 |
31.22 |
31.30 |
31.90 |
32.03 |
|
Bihar |
22.56 |
22.88 |
26.69 |
28.35 |
31.46 |
31.09 |
31.07 |
29.32 |
27.27 |
27.39 |
27.71 |
|
Gujarat |
36.57 |
35.52 |
37.05 |
37.94 |
37.85 |
37.21 |
37.74 |
36.15 |
34.26 |
33.78 |
33.51 |
|
Haryana |
39.45 |
44.69 |
44.87 |
41.28 |
42.66 |
41.46 |
40.01 |
39.71 |
37.46 |
38.59 |
41.36 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
47.83 |
48.79 |
54.15 |
55.00 |
55.61 |
54.24 |
55.05 |
55.57 |
54.83 |
56.78 |
55.38 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
49.92 |
47.72 |
49.93 |
50.95 |
49.96 |
50.07 |
51.90 |
50.50 |
47.36 |
46.00 |
47.14 |
|
Karnataka |
22.36 |
25.71 |
30.12 |
31.25 |
30.58 |
28.86 |
27.62 |
28.86 |
27.71 |
27.74 |
27.51 |
|
Kerala |
52.53 |
54.23 |
54.29 |
56.58 |
58.08 |
56.94 |
56.02 |
57.29 |
59.55 |
59.57 |
60.19 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
23.08 |
24.33 |
24.13 |
24.66 |
24.85 |
25.23 |
25.16 |
24.28 |
23.03 |
23.13 |
22.02 |
|
Maharashtra |
25.55 |
27.01 |
28.37 |
29.78 |
30.06 |
29.29 |
28.91 |
28.38 |
27.43 |
27.72 |
27.04 |
|
Manipur |
23.62 |
23.05 |
23.94 |
25.52 |
26.84 |
27.31 |
27.27 |
25.59 |
24.98 |
29.51 |
30.62 |
|
Meghalaya |
28.25 |
27.16 |
27.38 |
26.45 |
30.52 |
29.68 |
30.93 |
34.01 |
32.95 |
31.81 |
30.59 |
|
Orissa |
25.96 |
24.62 |
28.90 |
31.09 |
33.54 |
32.63 |
33.80 |
34.24 |
32.05 |
31.12 |
30.70 |
|
Punjab |
46.84 |
46.50 |
48.63 |
47.20 |
46.51 |
45.55 |
44.49 |
43.55 |
41.95 |
41.02 |
40.71 |
|
Rajasthan |
42.28 |
41.73 |
43.16 |
47.72 |
47.00 |
46.81 |
42.75 |
38.03 |
36.80 |
37.07 |
39.25 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
31.61 |
33.76 |
36.92 |
37.00 |
34.49 |
34.38 |
36.63 |
36.07 |
35.88 |
36.17 |
37.72 |
|
Tripura |
23.59 |
22.64 |
24.19 |
27.01 |
29.36 |
30.21 |
30.65 |
32.46 |
32.15 |
30.03 |
31.32 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
29.33 |
31.30 |
34.15 |
34.13 |
34.66 |
34.57 |
34.58 |
33.49 |
31.55 |
31.23 |
31.47 |
|
West Bengal |
22.66 |
24.92 |
27.39 |
28.25 |
28.56 |
27.09 |
26.39 |
27.39 |
27.96 |
27.69 |
26.81 |
|
All India |
32.07 |
32.99 |
31.91 |
33.01 |
33.10 |
32.57 |
32.55 |
32.31 |
31.27 |
31.16 |
31.30 |
|
(I) Blacksmith (Male) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
17.57 |
19.63 |
21.08 |
21.47 |
20.92 |
20.66 |
19.84 |
19.43 |
18.46 |
19.04 |
19.54 |
|
Assam |
16.86 |
16.86 |
17.20 |
19.27 |
20.60 |
22.09 |
22.28 |
21.95 |
21.24 |
20.03 |
19.18 |
|
Bihar |
20.07 |
20.17 |
23.04 |
24.66 |
26.90 |
26.09 |
25.83 |
24.56 |
22.67 |
22.40 |
23.75 |
|
Gujarat |
34.48 |
39.10 |
39.08 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Haryana |
34.92 |
39.60 |
40.13 |
35.66 |
36.11 |
34.84 |
32.59 |
32.83 |
31.15 |
31.27 |
29.63 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
41.22 |
43.48 |
48.26 |
51.23 |
50.32 |
49.26 |
51.00 |
47.29 |
50.21 |
54.85 |
52.96 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
36.80 |
32.82 |
33.66 |
35.85 |
36.06 |
36.51 |
35.95 |
36.83 |
34.73 |
35.42 |
33.02 |
|
Karnataka |
18.82 |
20.46 |
24.24 |
25.32 |
24.07 |
22.15 |
21.98 |
22.58 |
21.13 |
20.74 |
21.05 |
|
Kerala |
46.78 |
47.84 |
46.58 |
48.05 |
49.89 |
49.33 |
50.63 |
53.83 |
55.75 |
56.13 |
59.30 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
19.32 |
20.49 |
20.23 |
20.46 |
20.36 |
21.05 |
20.60 |
20.23 |
19.53 |
19.03 |
18.47 |
|
Maharashtra |
21.48 |
22.10 |
24.12 |
24.59 |
24.19 |
23.97 |
24.22 |
24.27 |
22.47 |
22.70 |
22.08 |
|
Manipur |
17.42 |
17.06 |
18.77 |
21.02 |
22.54 |
22.81 |
22.66 |
21.70 |
21.34 |
21.67 |
21.49 |
|
Meghalaya |
21.05 |
18.73 |
19.58 |
20.56 |
22.28 |
23.66 |
23.14 |
23.24 |
22.18 |
22.87 |
22.48 |
|
Orissa |
24.63 |
20.83 |
22.11 |
27.59 |
29.98 |
27.08 |
26.38 |
25.84 |
22.56 |
22.27 |
21.34 |
|
Punjab |
45.67 |
45.97 |
47.68 |
45.50 |
45.84 |
44.38 |
43.55 |
44.70 |
41.91 |
40.36 |
38.59 |
|
Rajasthan |
26.64 |
23.13 |
30.13 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
24.60 |
23.52 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
28.36 |
30.59 |
32.78 |
32.67 |
30.19 |
29.92 |
31.99 |
32.26 |
31.30 |
29.30 |
30.00 |
|
Tripura |
10.41 |
11.20 |
11.70 |
14.09 |
14.59 |
16.47 |
18.84 |
21.00 |
21.54 |
20.10 |
22.53 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
26.50 |
27.04 |
29.34 |
29.30 |
29.50 |
30.73 |
30.53 |
29.85 |
28.20 |
28.00 |
27.16 |
|
West Bengal |
17.37 |
19.93 |
21.82 |
20.78 |
21.51 |
20.45 |
18.65 |
17.20 |
17.55 |
17.95 |
17.92 |
|
All India |
26.32 |
26.98 |
25.24 |
25.68 |
25.63 |
25.47 |
25.21 |
25.06 |
23.95 |
23.58 |
23.20 |
|
(J) Mason (Male) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
24.76 |
26.32 |
28.03 |
28.35 |
27.97 |
28.53 |
27.93 |
28.30 |
27.70 |
30.30 |
33.46 |
|
Assam |
26.61 |
26.41 |
26.61 |
29.81 |
30.66 |
31.63 |
32.83 |
33.46 |
33.16 |
33.09 |
32.72 |
|
Bihar |
26.33 |
26.81 |
30.28 |
32.89 |
34.68 |
34.95 |
34.74 |
33.37 |
30.78 |
31.70 |
31.74 |
|
Gujarat |
40.11 |
39.75 |
41.23 |
44.10 |
42.46 |
41.65 |
40.25 |
38.16 |
36.95 |
37.19 |
38.94 |
|
Haryana |
43.53 |
47.71 |
49.23 |
49.22 |
48.92 |
47.94 |
48.46 |
48.17 |
46.97 |
47.33 |
48.91 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
48.36 |
48.84 |
53.79 |
54.12 |
54.62 |
54.85 |
55.33 |
54.15 |
52.99 |
55.02 |
52.49 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
51.22 |
49.61 |
50.82 |
52.60 |
51.04 |
53.22 |
52.88 |
51.07 |
47.24 |
45.26 |
46.49 |
|
Karnataka |
26.19 |
27.18 |
31.41 |
33.14 |
31.68 |
29.89 |
30.94 |
32.45 |
30.68 |
29.95 |
30.73 |
|
Kerala |
51.24 |
52.75 |
53.22 |
55.90 |
55.39 |
53.88 |
54.51 |
57.02 |
57.84 |
59.15 |
59.87 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
28.94 |
29.48 |
29.06 |
29.69 |
29.60 |
30.35 |
29.84 |
29.03 |
27.48 |
27.82 |
26.92 |
|
Maharashtra |
27.42 |
29.21 |
30.36 |
32.49 |
33.25 |
32.91 |
33.17 |
32.88 |
31.44 |
31.68 |
32.30 |
|
Manipur |
24.20 |
23.71 |
24.43 |
26.15 |
26.39 |
27.03 |
26.97 |
25.76 |
25.31 |
na |
36.20 |
|
Meghalaya |
28.95 |
26.70 |
24.83 |
24.63 |
28.21 |
27.03 |
28.51 |
31.29 |
28.82 |
27.44 |
26.76 |
|
Orissa |
28.35 |
27.61 |
31.36 |
33.66 |
35.85 |
35.64 |
35.94 |
34.96 |
32.98 |
31.68 |
32.05 |
|
Punjab |
46.32 |
47.38 |
48.88 |
47.42 |
46.92 |
45.88 |
44.96 |
43.56 |
42.01 |
41.34 |
40.40 |
|
Rajasthan |
45.11 |
44.53 |
46.77 |
46.98 |
46.18 |
48.05 |
43.97 |
40.29 |
39.49 |
40.88 |
42.68 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
34.18 |
36.02 |
39.42 |
40.10 |
37.99 |
37.55 |
38.48 |
38.64 |
39.01 |
39.98 |
42.76 |
|
Tripura |
23.59 |
22.62 |
24.13 |
27.01 |
28.59 |
30.59 |
30.65 |
32.46 |
32.22 |
30.08 |
31.08 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
32.69 |
35.06 |
37.94 |
38.13 |
38.47 |
38.23 |
38.21 |
36.47 |
34.77 |
34.22 |
33.94 |
|
West Bengal |
23.09 |
25.80 |
28.74 |
29.33 |
30.02 |
29.11 |
28.13 |
28.67 |
29.25 |
28.60 |
27.87 |
|
All India |
34.06 |
34.89 |
34.76 |
35.88 |
35.80 |
35.64 |
35.50 |
35.12 |
33.99 |
34.22 |
34.70 |
|
(K) Unskilled labour
(Male) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
13.44 |
14.40 |
14.94 |
14.78 |
14.22 |
14.19 |
13.99 |
14.33 |
14.44 |
16.18 |
19.13 |
|
Assam |
13.78 |
14.65 |
15.48 |
16.48 |
16.61 |
17.79 |
18.60 |
18.05 |
17.88 |
17.83 |
19.06 |
|
Bihar |
12.86 |
12.77 |
14.41 |
15.68 |
16.21 |
16.30 |
16.40 |
15.95 |
15.01 |
15.42 |
15.96 |
|
Gujarat |
14.98 |
14.11 |
14.51 |
15.54 |
15.71 |
15.48 |
14.62 |
13.78 |
13.61 |
14.60 |
15.21 |
|
Haryana |
22.78 |
23.71 |
26.53 |
26.61 |
26.28 |
25.60 |
24.81 |
24.89 |
24.25 |
25.49 |
27.14 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
26.01 |
26.93 |
30.56 |
31.63 |
31.56 |
31.58 |
32.23 |
31.49 |
30.01 |
31.73 |
32.35 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
28.41 |
26.47 |
28.13 |
29.21 |
29.27 |
31.13 |
31.36 |
29.85 |
28.16 |
28.28 |
29.43 |
|
Karnataka |
12.22 |
12.08 |
13.63 |
13.95 |
13.79 |
13.27 |
13.36 |
14.15 |
13.64 |
13.89 |
14.54 |
|
Kerala |
38.42 |
39.96 |
39.84 |
42.06 |
42.57 |
42.16 |
41.57 |
41.93 |
43.32 |
43.63 |
46.18 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
11.36 |
11.96 |
11.62 |
11.51 |
11.66 |
11.72 |
11.42 |
11.13 |
10.40 |
10.63 |
10.99 |
|
Maharashtra |
14.28 |
14.20 |
14.61 |
15.21 |
14.95 |
14.78 |
14.45 |
14.10 |
14.01 |
14.10 |
14.67 |
|
Manipur |
15.33 |
14.44 |
15.32 |
15.66 |
15.32 |
16.90 |
16.97 |
16.09 |
15.62 |
16.15 |
17.40 |
|
Meghalaya |
15.51 |
14.33 |
14.10 |
14.47 |
16.72 |
16.64 |
17.48 |
19.27 |
19.24 |
18.54 |
17.38 |
|
Orissa |
12.89 |
11.98 |
13.38 |
13.64 |
15.12 |
14.81 |
14.83 |
15.43 |
15.16 |
14.65 |
15.92 |
|
Punjab |
23.95 |
24.03 |
24.88 |
24.83 |
24.70 |
24.29 |
23.51 |
22.40 |
22.93 |
22.85 |
24.87 |
|
Rajasthan |
20.28 |
20.61 |
22.10 |
22.54 |
21.68 |
22.27 |
20.39 |
19.13 |
18.59 |
19.95 |
22.58 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
17.99 |
20.25 |
21.91 |
22.10 |
20.48 |
20.83 |
21.30 |
21.77 |
22.51 |
22.58 |
24.57 |
|
Tripura |
16.03 |
16.34 |
17.12 |
18.87 |
19.28 |
21.63 |
21.70 |
23.90 |
24.19 |
22.56 |
25.30 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
16.00 |
16.52 |
17.68 |
17.56 |
17.49 |
17.61 |
17.51 |
16.57 |
16.03 |
16.87 |
18.34 |
|
West Bengal |
13.05 |
14.45 |
15.89 |
16.13 |
16.41 |
15.98 |
15.62 |
16.38 |
16.24 |
16.12 |
16.52 |
|
All India |
18.01 |
18.34 |
17.37 |
17.77 |
17.77 |
17.77 |
17.62 |
17.50 |
17.17 |
17.54 |
18.71 |
|
(L) Unskilled labour
(Female) |
|||||||||||
|
|
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
9.81 |
10.17 |
10.56 |
10.85 |
10.56 |
10.46 |
9.93 |
10.37 |
10.49 |
11.70 |
13.72 |
|
Assam |
12.27 |
12.70 |
13.48 |
13.86 |
13.81 |
13.21 |
13.28 |
12.16 |
12.50 |
13.65 |
13.99 |
|
Bihar |
11.20 |
11.06 |
12.65 |
13.35 |
14.78 |
14.76 |
14.65 |
14.53 |
13.27 |
13.60 |
14.57 |
|
Gujarat |
13.85 |
12.81 |
13.82 |
14.69 |
15.34 |
14.99 |
13.99 |
13.19 |
13.08 |
14.07 |
14.86 |
|
Haryana |
19.90 |
21.15 |
24.50 |
24.65 |
24.50 |
24.43 |
23.83 |
23.99 |
23.01 |
23.68 |
26.65 |
|
Himachal Pradesh |
21.43 |
22.32 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
34.14 |
|
Jammu & Kashmir |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Karnataka |
9.29 |
8.95 |
10.14 |
10.50 |
10.25 |
9.95 |
9.84 |
10.07 |
9.89 |
10.24 |
10.84 |
|
Kerala |
25.47 |
27.87 |
27.72 |
30.54 |
29.90 |
30.27 |
31.36 |
32.63 |
33.91 |
33.44 |
34.06 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
10.10 |
10.65 |
10.12 |
9.94 |
9.86 |
9.92 |
9.68 |
9.52 |
8.95 |
9.21 |
9.47 |
|
Maharashtra |
9.95 |
9.70 |
9.63 |
9.79 |
9.72 |
9.48 |
9.22 |
8.97 |
8.84 |
9.21 |
9.48 |
|
Manipur |
13.64 |
13.50 |
13.70 |
14.62 |
14.74 |
15.82 |
15.88 |
14.69 |
14.16 |
14.13 |
15.31 |
|
Meghalaya |
13.46 |
12.01 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
12.62 |
12.03 |
12.21 |
11.78 |
|
Orissa |
11.37 |
10.75 |
12.03 |
12.19 |
13.49 |
12.88 |
12.58 |
12.95 |
12.57 |
12.10 |
13.48 |
|
Punjab |
15.59 |
16.68 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
19.75 |
na |
na |
na |
|
Rajasthan |
17.65 |
17.43 |
19.25 |
19.48 |
18.78 |
19.54 |
18.26 |
17.13 |
16.96 |
17.84 |
20.60 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
11.99 |
13.46 |
14.67 |
15.00 |
13.86 |
14.17 |
14.73 |
15.06 |
16.00 |
16.84 |
17.85 |
|
Tripura |
14.56 |
15.68 |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
na |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
13.11 |
13.50 |
14.20 |
13.57 |
14.41 |
14.99 |
14.76 |
13.69 |
13.30 |
14.05 |
14.92 |
|
West Bengal |
11.49 |
12.49 |
14.34 |
14.72 |
14.58 |
14.35 |
14.20 |
14.74 |
14.37 |
14.28 |
14.87 |
|
All India |
14.19 |
14.46 |
12.99 |
13.26 |
13.36 |
13.28 |
13.06 |
13.13 |
12.86 |
13.29 |
14.21 |
Notes: The
CPIAL and CPIRL (1986–87 = 100) are used as deflators.
na: not
available.
Source: GOI, Wage Rates in Rural India,
various issues.
Levels of Real Wages
Regional variations in real wage rates are
significant. When we look at men’s real wage rates in 2008–09, we find that it
is the highest in Kerala for most occupations, followed
by the north-western States of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana. These five States
almost invariably have been at the top throughout the period. Wage rates are
very low in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar
Pradesh, and Karnataka. This pattern of regional variation is very similar to
that noted by Chavan and Bedamatta (2006).
It is seen that the wage rate for ploughing in Kerala is so high (Rs 64.07) that
it surpasses the wage rates for carpenter (Rs 60.19)
and mason (Rs 59.87). The difference in the wage rate
for ploughing between Kerala and the other States is
more than Rs 15. In the wage rates for transplanting
and harvesting, in which women also participate, on the other hand, the
difference between Kerala and the other States is not
much: less than Rs 5. A similar tendency can be
observed in Tamil Nadu too. It is also noticed that
West Bengal improved its ranking in 2008–09, compared to 1998–99.
Though women’s wage rates are not available for Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Punjab, the
ranking of States according to female wage rates is similar to that of males.
At the bottom lie Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka, Orissa, and Meghalaya.
The female wage rate in Andhra Pradesh, which was at the bottom in the late
1990s, rose substantially by 2008–09. West Bengal and Tamil Nadu
also improved their ranking during this period.
Growth of Real Wages
Taking into account the implementation of NREGA 2005,
the period under study is divided into two sub-periods: 1998–99 to 2004–05 and
2005–06 to 2008–09. Table 2 shows the average annual rate of growth of wages
for major agricultural and rural labour occupations during the two sub-periods.
Table 2 Average annual rate of growth of wages for major occupations in rural India in per cent
|
Ploughing |
Sowing |
||||||||